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We investigate how the kinetic energy acquired by a dense granular systemdriven by an external vibration depends on the input energy. Our focus is onthe dependence of the granular behavior on two main parameters: frequency andvibration amplitude. We find that there exists an optimal forcing frequency, atwhich the system reaches the maximal kinetic energy: if the input energy isincreased beyond such a threshold, the system dissipates more and more energyand recovers a colder and more viscous state. Quite surprisingly, thenonmonotonic behavior is found for vibration amplitudes which are sufficientlysmall to keep the system always in contact with the driving oscillating plate.Studying dissipative properties of the system, we unveil a striking differencebetween this nonmonotonic behavior and a standard resonance mechanism. Thisfeature is also observed at the microscopic scale of the single-grain dynamicsand can be interpreted as an instance of negative specific heat. Ananalytically solvable model based on a generalized forced-damped oscillatorwell reproduces the observed phenomenology, illustrating the role of thecompeting effects of forcing and dissipation.

Getting hotter by heating less: How driven granular materials dissipate energy in excess