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Graphene sandwiched between semiconducting monolayers of ferromagnetCr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$ and transition-metal dichalcogenide WS$_2$ acquires bothspin-orbit (SO), of valley-Zeeman and Rashba types, and exchange couplings.Using first-principles combined with quantum transport calculations, we predictthat such doubly proximitized graphene within van der Waals heterostructurewill exhibit SO torque driven by unpolarized charge current. This systemlacking spin Hall current, putatively considered to be necessary for efficientdamping-like (DL) SO torque that plays a key role in magnetization switching,demonstrates how DL torque component can be generated solely by skew-scatteringoff spin-independent potential barrier or impurities in purely two-dimensionalelectronic transport due to the presence of proximity SO coupling and its spintexture tilted out-of-plane. This leads to current-driven nonequilibrium spindensity emerging in all spatial directions, whose cross product with proximitymagnetization yields DL SO torque, unlike the ballistic regime with noscatterers in which only field-like (FL) SO torque appears. In contrast to SOtorque on conventional metallic ferromagnets in contact with three dimensionalSO-coupled materials, the ratio of FL and DL torque can be tuned by more thanan order of magnitude via combined top and back gates.

physical review research

Scattering-induced and highly tunable by gate damping-like spin-orbit  torque in graphene doubly proximitized by two-dimensional magnet  Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$ and WS$_2$