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We propose a definition of externally measurable quantum work in drivensystems. Work is given as a quantum observable on a control device which isforcing the system and can be determined without knowledge of the systemHamiltonian $H_\mathcal{S}$. We argue that quantum work fluctuation theoremswhich rely on the knowledge of $H_\mathcal{S}$ are of little practicalrelevance, contrary to their classical counterparts. Using our framework, wederive a fluctuation theorem which is operationally accessible and could inprinciple be implemented in experiments to determine bounds on free energydifferences of unknown systems.

Work as an external quantum observable and an operational quantum work fluctuation theorem