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Topological transport phenomena in magnetic materials are a major topic ofcurrent condensed matter research. One of the most widely studied phenomena isthe ``topological Hall effect'' (THE), which is generated via spin-orbitinteractions between conduction electrons and topological spin textures such asskyrmions. We report a comprehensive set of Hall effect and magnetizationmeasurements on epitaxial films of the prototypical ferromagnetic metalSrRuO$_3$ the magnetic and transport properties of which were systematicallymodulated by varying the concentration of Ru vacancies. We observe Hall effectanomalies that closely resemble signatures of the THE, but a quantitativeanalysis demonstrates that they result from inhomogeneities in theferromagnetic magnetization caused by a non-random distribution of Ruvacancies. As such inhomogeneities are difficult to avoid and are rarelycharacterized independently, our results call into question the identificationof topological spin textures in numerous prior transport studies of quantummaterials, heterostructures, and devices. Firm conclusions regarding thepresence of such textures must meet stringent conditions such as probes thatcouple directly to the non-collinear magnetization on the atomic scale.

Inhomogeneous ferromagnetism mimics signatures of the topological Hall effect in SrRuO$_3$ films