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The energies of a pair of strongly-interacting subsystems with arbitrarynoninteger charges are examined from closed and open system perspectives. Anensemble representation of the charge dependence is derived, valid at allinteraction strengths. Transforming from resonance-state ionicity to ensemblecharge dependence imposes physical constraints on the occupation numbers in thestrong-interaction limit. For open systems, the chemical potential is evaluatedusing microscopic and thermodynamic models, leading to a novel correlationbetween ground-state charge and an electronic temperature.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figs.; as accepted (Phys. Rev. Lett.

Energy Dependence on Fractional Charge for Strongly Interacting Subsystems