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We present a variable temperature Scanning Tunneling Microscopy andSpectroscopy (STM and STS) study of the Si(553)-Au atomic chain reconstruction.This quasi one-dimensional (1D) system undergoes at least two charge densitywave (CDW) transitions at low temperature, which can be attributed toelectronic instabilities in the fractionally-filled 1D bands of thehigh-symmetry phase. Upon cooling, Si(553)-Au first undergoes a single-bandPeierls distortion, resulting in period doubling along the imaged chains. ThisPeierls state is ultimately overcome by a competing tripleperiod CDW, which inturn is accompanied by a x2 periodicity in between the chains. These locked-inperiodicities indicate small charge transfer between the nearly half-filled andquarter-filled 1D bands. The presence and the mobility of atomic scaledislocations in the x3 CDW state indicates the possibility of manipulatingphase solitons carrying a (spin,charge) of (1/2,+-e/3) or (0,+-2e/3).Comment: submitted, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Let

Competing Periodicities in Fractionally Filled One-Dimensional Bands