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It is shown that almost all features of the quark and lepton masses can besatisfactorily and simply explained without family symmetry, including thethreefold mass hierarchy among the generations, and the relations $m_{\tau}^0 =m_b^0$, $m_{\mu}^0 = 3 m_s^0$, $m_e^0 = \frac{1}{3} m_d^0$, $m_u^0/m_t^0 <<m_d^0/m_b^0$, $\tan \theta_c = \sqrt{m_d^0/m_s^0}$, $V_{cb} <<\sqrt{m_s^0/m_b^0}$, and $V_{ub} \sim V_{cb}V_{us}$. Various aspects of thegroup theory of $SO(10)$ play an essential role in explaining these relations.The form of the mass matrices, rather than being imposed arbitrarily, emergesnaturally from a simple structure at the unification scale. This structureinvolves only vector, spinor and adjoint representations. There are distinctiveand testable predictions for $\tan \beta$ and the neutrino mixing angles.Comment: 17 pages, in Plain LaTeX (includes 2 LaTeX figures

An SO(10) Solution to the Puzzle of Quark and Lepton Masses