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Boltzmann showed that in spite of momentum and energy redistribution throughcollisions, a rarefied gas confined in a isotropic harmonic trapping potentialdoes not reach equilibrium; it evolves instead into a breathing mode wheredensity, velocity and temperature oscillate. This counter-intuitive predictionis upheld by cold atoms experiments. Yet, are the breathers eternal solutionsof the dynamics even in an idealized and isolated system? We show by acombination of hydrodynamic arguments and Molecular Dynamics simulations thatan original dissipative mechanism is at work, where the minute and oftenneglected bulk viscosity eventually thermalizes the system, that thus reachesequilibrium.

Fate of Boltzmann's breathers: Stokes hypothesis and anomalous thermalization