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Understanding the role of parton mass and Casimir colour factors in thequantum chromodynamics parton shower represents an important step incharacterising the emission properties of heavy quarks. Recent experimentaladvances in jet substructure techniques have provided the opportunity toisolate and characterise gluon emissions from heavy quarks. In this work, thefirst direct experimental constraint on the charm-quark splitting function ispresented, obtained via the measurement of the groomed shared momentum fractionof the first splitting in charm jets, tagged by a reconstructed ${\rm D}^0$meson. The measurement is made in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13TeV, in the low jet transverse-momentum interval of $15 \leq p_{\rm T}^{\rmjet~ch} < 30$ GeV/$c$ where the emission properties are sensitive to partonmass effects. In addition, the opening angle of the first perturbative emissionof the charm quark, as well as the number of perturbative emissions itundergoes, is reported. Comparisons to measurements of an inclusive-jet sampleshow a steeper splitting function for charm quarks compared with gluons andlight quarks. Charm quarks also undergo fewer perturbative emissions in theparton shower, with a reduced probability of large-angle emissions.

Measurements of groomed-jet substructure of charm jets tagged by ${\rm D}^0$ mesons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV