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We address the fundamental question whether or not it is possible to achieveconditions under which the coupling of a single dipole to a strongly confinedelectromagnetic vacuum can result in non-perturbative corrections to thedipole's ground state. To do so we consider two simplified, but otherwiserather generic cavity QED setups, which allow us to derive analytic expressionsfor the total ground state energy and to distinguish explicitly between purelyelectrostatic and genuine vacuum-induced contributions. Importantly, thisderivation takes the full electromagnetic spectrum into account while avoidingany ambiguities arising from an ad-hoc mode truncation. Our findings show thatwhile the effect of confinement per se is not enough to result in substantialvacuum-induced corrections, the presence of high-impedance modes, such asplasmons or engineered LC resonances, can drastically increase these effects.Therefore, we conclude that with appropriately designed experiments it is atleast in principle possible to access a regime where light-matter interactionsbecome non-perturbative.

Can we observe non-perturbative vacuum shifts in cavity QED?