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Subsystem readout during a quantum process, or mid-circuit measurement, iscrucial for error correction in quantum computation, simulation, and metrology.Ideal mid-circuit measurement should be faster than the decoherence of thesystem, high-fidelity, and nondestructive to the unmeasured qubits. Here, weuse a strongly coupled optical cavity to read out the state of a singletweezer-trapped 87Rb atom within a small tweezer array. Measuring either atomicfluorescence or the transmission of light through the cavity, we detect boththe presence and the state of an atom in the tweezer, within only tens ofmicroseconds, with state preparation and measurement infidelities of roughly0.5% and atom loss probabilities of around 1%. Using a two-tweezer system, wefind measurement on one atom within the cavity causes no observablehyperfine-state decoherence on a second atom located tens of microns from thecavity volume. This high-fidelity mid-circuit readout method is a substantialstep towards quantum error correction in neutral atom arrays.

Mid-circuit cavity measurement in a neutral atom array