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Here, inspired by the operation of conventional semiconductor transistors, weintroduce a novel class of bulk materials with nonreciprocal and non-Hermitianelectromagnetic response. Our analysis shows that material nonlinearitiescombined with a static electric bias may lead to a linearized permittivitytensor that lacks the Hermitian and transpose symmetries. Remarkably, thematerial can either dissipate or generate energy, depending on the relativephase of the electric field components. We introduce a simple design for anelectromagnetic isolator based on an idealized "MOSFET-metamaterial" and showthat its performance can in principle surpass conventional Faraday isolatorsdue to the material gain. Furthermore, it is suggested that analogous materialresponses may be engineered in natural media in nonequilibrium situations. Oursolution determines an entirely novel paradigm to break the electromagneticreciprocity in a bulk nonlinear material using a static electric bias.

Nonreciprocal and non-Hermitian material response inspired by semiconductor transistors