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Prediction of flow profiles of slowly sheared granular materials is a majorgeophysical and industrial challenge. Understanding the role of gravity isparticularly important for future planetary exploration in varyinggravitational environments. Using the principle of minimization of energydissipation, and combining experiments and variational analysis, we disentanglethe contributions of the gravitational acceleration and confining pressure onshear strain localization induced by moving fault boundaries at the bottom of agranular layer. The flow profile is independent of the gravity for geometrieswith a free top surface. However, under a confining pressure or if the shearedlayer withstands the weight of the upper layers, increasing gravity promotesthe transition from closed shear zones buried in the bulk to open ones thatintersect the top surface. We show that the center position and width of theshear zone and the axial angular velocity at the top surface follow universalscaling laws when properly scaled by the gravity, applied pressure, and layerthickness. Our finding that the flow profiles lie on a universal master curveopens the possibility to predict the quasistatic shear flow of granularmaterials in extraterrestrial environments.

Gravity Governs Shear Localization in Confined Dense Granular Flows