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Light axion fields, if they exist, can be sourced by neutron stars due totheir coupling to nuclear matter, and play a role in binary neutron starmergers. We report on a search for such axions by analysing the gravitationalwaves from the binary neutron star inspiral GW170817. We find no evidence ofaxions in the sampled parameter space. The null result allows us to imposeconstraints on axions with masses below $10^{-11} {\rm eV}$ by excluding theones with decay constants ranging from $1.6\times10^{16} {\rm GeV}$ to $10^{18}{\rm GeV}$ at $3\sigma$ confidence level. Our analysis provides the firstconstraints on axions from neutron star inspirals, and rules out a large regionin parameter space that has not been probed by the existing experiments.

First Constraints on Nuclear Coupling of Axionlike Particles from the Binary Neutron Star Gravitational Wave Event GW170817