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We analyze the performance of a quantum computer architecture combining asmall processor and a storage unit. By focusing on integer factorization, weshow a reduction by several orders of magnitude of the number of processingqubits compared with a standard architecture using a planar grid of qubits withnearest-neighbor connectivity. This is achieved by taking advantage of atemporally and spatially multiplexed memory to store the qubit states betweenprocessing steps. Concretely, for a characteristic physical gate error rate of$10^{-3}$, a processor cycle time of 1 microsecond, factoring a 2048-bit RSAinteger is shown to be possible in 177 days with 3D gauge color codes assuminga threshold of 0.75 % with a processor made with 13436 physical qubits and amemory that can store 28 million spatial modes and 45 temporal modes with 2hours' storage time. By inserting additional error-correction steps, storagetimes of 1 second are shown to be sufficient at the cost of increasing therun-time by about 23 %. Shorter run-times (and storage times) are achievable byincreasing the number of qubits in the processing unit. We suggest realizingsuch an architecture using a microwave interface between a processor made withsuperconducting qubits and a multiplexed memory using the principle of photonecho in solids doped with rare-earth ions.

Factoring 2048-bit RSA Integers in 177 Days with 13436 Qubits and a Multimode Memory