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We demonstrate an optical method for detecting the mechanical oscillations ofan atom with single-phonon sensitivity. The measurement signal results from theinterference between the light scattered by a single trapped atomic ion andthat of its mirror image. The motion of the atom modulates the interferencepath length and hence the photon detection rate. We detect the oscillations ofthe atom in the Doppler cooling limit and reconstruct average trajectories inphase space. We demonstrate single-phonon sensitivity near the ground state ofmotion after EIT cooling. These results could be applied for motion detectionof other light scatterers of fundamental interest, such as trappednanoparticles.

Measuring ion oscillations at the quantum level with fluorescence light