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We study hidden sector and long-lived particles at past (CHARM and NuCal),present (NA62 and SeaQuest/DarkQuest), and future (LongQuest) experiments thatare at the high-energy frontier of the intensity frontier. We focus onexploring the minimal vector portal and variere-lifetime particles (VLP). VLPmodels have mostly been devised to explain experimental anomalies whileavoiding existing constraints, and we demonstrate that proton fixed-targetexperiments provide one of the most powerful probes for the sub-GeV to few GeVmass range of the VLP models, using inelastic dark matter (iDM) as an example.We consider an iDM model with small mass splitting that yields the observeddark matter (DM) relic abundance, and a scenario with a sizable mass splittingthat can also explain the muon $g-2$ anomaly. We set strong limits based on theCHARM and NuCal experiments, which come close to excluding iDM asfull-abundance thermal DM candidates in the MeV to GeV mass range, for the massarrangements and small mass splittings we consider. We also study the futureprojections based on NA62 and SeaQuest/DarkQuest, and update the constraints ofthe minimal dark photon parameter space. We found that NuCal sets the onlyexisting constraint in $\epsilon \sim 10^{-8} - 10^{-4}$ regime reaching $\sim$800 MeV in dark photon mass due to the resonant enhancement of the protonbremsstrahlung production. Finally, we propose LongQuest, a three-stagethorough retool of the SeaQuest experiment with short ($\lesssim$ 5 m), medium($\sim$ 5 m), and long baseline ($\gtrsim$ 35 m) tracking stations/detectors,as a multi-purpose machine to explore dark sector particles with a wide rangeof couplings to the standard model sector.

The High-Energy Frontier of the Intensity Frontier: Closing the Dark Photon, Inelastic Dark Matter, and Muon g-2 Windows