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The security of real-world quantum key distribution (QKD) critically dependson the number of data points the system can collect in a fixed time interval.To date, state-of-the-art finite-key security analyses require block lengths inthe order of 1E4 bits to obtain positive secret keys. This requirement,however, can be very difficult to achieve in practice, especially in the caseof entanglement-based satellite QKD systems, where the overall channel loss cango up to 70 dB or more. Here, we provide an improved finite-key securityanalysis which can reduce the block length requirement by 14% to 17% forstandard channel and protocol settings. In practical terms, this reductioncould save entanglement-based satellite QKD weeks of measurement time andresources, thereby bringing space-based QKD technology closer to reality. As anapplication, we use the improved analysis to show that the recently reportedMicius QKD satellite is capable of generating positive secret keys with a$1E-5$ security level.

Security analysis of quantum key distribution with small block length and its application to quantum space communications