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We have performed the first 3-dimensional simulations of strong first-orderthermal phase transitions in the early Universe. For deflagrations, we findthat the rotational component of the fluid velocity increases as the transitionstrength is increased. For detonations, however, the rotational velocitycomponent remains constant and small. We also find that the efficiency withwhich kinetic energy is transferred to the fluid falls below theoreticalexpectations as we increase the transition strength. The probable origin of thekinetic energy deficit is the formation of reheated droplets of the metastablephase during the collision, slowing the bubble walls. The rate of increase inthe gravitational wave energy density for deflagrations in strong transitionsis suppressed compared to that predicted in earlier work. This is largelyaccounted for by the reduction in kinetic energy. Current modelling thereforesubstantially overestimates the gravitational wave signal for strongtransitions with deflagrations, in the most extreme case by a factor of$10^{3}$. Detonations are less affected.

Vorticity, kinetic energy, and suppressed gravitational wave production in strong first order phase transitions