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We report on the experimental realization of a flat, superconductingmicrowave resonator, a microwave billiard, with partially violatedtime-reversal (T ) invariance, induced by inserting a ferrite into the cavityand magnetizing it with an external magnetic field perpendicular to theresonator plane. In order to prevent its expulsion caused by theMeissner-Ochsenfeld effect we used a cavity of which the top and bottom platewere made from niobium, a superconductor of type II, and cooled it down toliquid-helium temperature T LHe ' 4 K. The Cavity had the shape of a chaoticAfrivca billiard. Superconductivity rendered possible the accuratedetermination of complete sequences of the resonance frequencies and of thewidths and strengths of the resonances, an indispensable prerequisite for theunambiguous detection of T invariance violation, especially when it is onlypartially violated. This allows for the first time the precise specification ofthe size of T invariance violation from the fluctuation properties of theresonance frequencies and from the strength distribution, which actuallydepends sensitively on it and thus provides a most suitable measure. For thispurpose we derived an analytical expression for the latter which is valid forisolated resonances in the range from no T invariance violation to completeviolation.

Partial time-reversal invariance violation in a flat, superconducting microwave cavity with the shape of a chaotic Africa billiard