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As a first approximation, the forces acting on optically trapped particlesare commonly assumed to be conservative. The influence of the nonconservativeforce has been shown to be negligible in overdamped liquid environments.However, its impact in the underdamped regime remains unexplored. Here, weexperimentally study the combined effects of gradient and scattering forces onthe nonlinear dynamics of trapped particles at various air pressures, leadingto significant low-frequency noise excess along the optical axis and theemergence of toroidal Brownian vortices. Our results supported, by numericalsimulations and a theoretical model, provide fundamental insights into thefunctioning of optical tweezers and a means for investigating nonequilibriumsteady states in the presence of nonconservative forces.

Nonequilibrium dynamics induced by scattering forces for optically trapped nanoparticles in strongly inertial regimes