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In 2005 Kane & Mele[C. L. Kane and E. J. Mele, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 226801(2005)], predicted that at sufficiently low energy, graphene exhibits atopological state of matter with an energy gap generated by the atomicspin-orbit interaction. However, this intrinsic gap has not been measured tothis date. In this letter, we exploit the chirality of the low energy states toresolve this gap. We probe the spin states experimentally, by employing lowtemperature microwave excitation in a resistively detected electron spinresonance on graphene. The structure of the topological bands is reflected inour transport experiments, where our numerical models allow us to identify theresonance signatures. We determine the intrinsic spin-orbit bulk gap to beexactly 42.2 {\mu}eV. Electron-spin resonance experiments can reveal thecompetition between the intrinsic spin-orbit coupling and classical Zeemanenergy that arises at low magnetic fields and demonstrate that graphene remainsto be a material with surprising properties.

Intrinsic spin-orbit coupling gap and the evidence of a topological state in graphene