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We report the experimental generation of highly energetic carbon ions up to48 MeV per nucleon by shooting double-layer targets composed of well-controlledslightly underdense plasma (SUP) and ultrathin foils with ultra-intensefemtosecond laser pulses. Particle-in-cell simulations reveal that carbon ionsresiding in the ultrathin foils undergo radiation pressure acceleration andlong-time sheath field acceleration in sequence due to the existence of the SUPin front of the foils. Such an acceleration scheme is especially suited forheavy ion acceleration with femtosecond laser pulses. The breakthrough of heavyion energy up to multi-tens of MeV/u at high-repetition-rate would be able totrigger significant advances in nuclear physics, high energy density physics,and medical physics.

Laser acceleration of highly energetic carbon ions using a double-layer target composed of slightly underdense plasma and ultrathin foil