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This experimental study analyzes the relationship between the dimensionalityof turbulence and the upscale or downscale nature of its energy transfers. Wedo so by forcing low-$Rm$ magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in a confinedchannel, while precisely controlling its dimensionality by means of anexternally applied magnetic field. We first identify a specific lengthscale$\hat{l}_\perp^c$ that separates smaller three-dimensional structures fromlarger quasi-two-dimensional ones. We then show that an inverse energy cascadeof horizontal kinetic energy along horizontal scales is always observable atlarge scales, but that it extends well into the region of 3D structures. At thesame time, a direct energy cascade confined to the smallest and strongly 3Dscales is observed. These dynamics therefore appear not to be simply determinedby the dimensionality of individual scales, nor by the forcing scale, unlike inother studies. In fact, our findings suggest that the relationship betweenkinematics and dynamics is not universal and may strongly depend on the forcingand dissipating mechanisms at play.

Inverse and direct energy cascades in 3D MHD turbulence at low-Rm