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Heat engines should ideally have large power output, operate close to Carnotefficiency and show constancy, i.e., exhibit only small fluctuations in thisoutput. For steady-state heat engines, driven by a constant temperaturedifference between the two heat baths, we prove that out of these threerequirements only two are compatible. Constancy enters quantitatively theconventional trade-off between power and efficiency. Thus, we rationalize andunify recent suggestions for overcoming this simple trade-off. Our universalbound is illustrated for a paradigmatic model of a quantum dot solar cell andfor a Brownian gyrator delivering mechanical work against an external force.

Universal trade-off between power, efficiency, and constancy in steady-state heat engines