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We show the existence of a flat band consisting of photonic zero modes in again and loss modulated lattice system, as a result of the underlyingnon-Hermitian particle-hole symmetry. This general finding explains theprevious observation in parity-time symmetric systems where non-Hermitianparticle-hole symmetry is hidden. We further discuss the defect states in thesesystems, whose emergence can be viewed as an unconventional alignment of apseudo-spin under the influence of a complex-valued pseudo-magnetic field.These defect states also behave as a chain with two types of links, one rigidin a unit cell and one soft between unit cells, as the defect states becomeincreasingly localized with the gain and loss strength. A realistic photonicdesign is presented based on coupled InP/InGaAsP waveguides, and we also extendthe discussion to two- and three-dimensional lattices.

Defect states emerging from a non-Hermitian flat band of photonic zero modes