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Ionization injection is attractive as a controllable injection scheme forgenerating high quality electron beams using plasma-based wakefieldacceleration. Due to the phase dependent tunneling ionization rate and thetrapping dynamics within a nonlinear wake, the discrete injection of electronswithin the wake is nonlinearly mapped to discrete final phase space structureof the beam at the location where the electrons are trapped. This phenomenon istheoretically analyzed and examined by three-dimensional particle-in-cellsimulations which show that three dimensional effects limit the wave number ofthe modulation to between $> 2k_0$ and about $5k_0$, where $k_0$ is thewavenumber of the injection laser. Such a nano-scale bunched beam can bediagnosed through coherent transition radiation upon its exit from the plasmaand may find use in generating high-power ultraviolet radiation upon passagethrough a resonant undulator.

Nano-scale electron bunching in laser-triggered ionization injection in plasma accelerators