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Metasurfaces in metal/insulator/metal configuration have recently been widelyused in photonics research, with applications ranging from perfect absorptionto phase modulation, but why and when such structures can realize what kind offunctionalities are not yet fully understood. Here, based on a coupled-modetheory analysis, we establish a complete phase diagram in which the opticalproperties of such systems are fully controlled by two simple parameters (i.e.,the intrinsic and radiation losses), which are in turn dictated by thegeometrical/material parameters of the underlying structures. Such a phasediagram can greatly facilitate the design of appropriate metasurfaces withtailored functionalities (e.g., perfect absorption, phase modulator,electric/magnetic reflector, etc.), demonstrated by our experiments andsimulations in the Terahertz regime. In particular, our experiments show that,through appropriate structural/material tuning, the device can be switchedacross the functionality phase boundaries yielding dramatic changes in opticalresponses. Our discoveries lay a solid basis for realizing functional andtunable photonic devices with such structures.

Tailor the functionalities of metasurfaces: From perfect absorption to phase modulation