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The cores of compact stars reach the highest densities in nature andtherefore could consist of novel phases of matter. We demonstrate via adetailed analysis of pulsar evolution that precise pulsar timing data canconstrain the star's composition, through unstable global oscillations(r-modes) whose damping is determined by microscopic properties of theinterior. If not efficiently damped, these modes emit gravitational waves thatquickly spin down a millisecond pulsar. As a first application of this generalmethod, we find that ungapped interacting quark matter is consistent with boththe observed radio and x-ray data, whereas for ordinary nuclear matter someadditional enhanced damping mechanism is required.

What the Timing of Millisecond Pulsars Can Teach us about Their Interior