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Bit commitment is a fundamental cryptographic primitive in which Bob wishesto commit a secret bit to Alice. Perfectly secure bit commitment has beenproven impossible through asynchronous exchange of classical and quantuminformation. Perfect security is however possible by restraining the exchangeof classical and quantum information to suitably chosen relativisticconstraints. This requires Alice (and Bob) to split into two remote agentsperforming space-like separated classical communication, and in one agentexchanging quantum bits with the other party. The duration of the commitment isgiven by the distance between the two remote agents. The original protocolrequires the quantum communication to happen at a precise location and timewith respect to the classical communication. We show how the protocol can bemodified to relax this constraint such that the quantum part of the protocolcan be performed at any time before the actual commitment, making it much morepractical. Finally, we present an experimental demonstration of this protocolrealized with a commercial quantum key distribution system and withsynchronized classical agents located in Geneva and Singapore, yielding acommitment time of 15 ms. Our work includes a complete security analysis,accounting for experimental imperfections (multi-photon emission, transmissionloss, detector inefficiency and dark counts) and finite statistics.

Experimental bit commitment based on quantum communication and special relativity