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Following recent discoveries of colocalization of downstream-regulating genesin living cells, the impact of the spatial distance between such genes on thekinetics of gene product formation is increasingly recognized. We here showfrom analytical and numerical analysis that the distance between atranscription factor (TF) gene and its target gene drastically affects thespeed and reliability of transcriptional regulation in bacterial cells. For anexplicit model system we develop a general theory for the interactions betweena TF and a transcription unit. The observed variations in regulation efficiencyare linked to the magnitude of the variation of the TF concentration peaks as afunction of the binding site distance from the signal source. Our resultssupport the role of rapid binding site search for gene colocalization andemphasize the role of local concentration differences.

Distance matters: the impact of gene proximity in bacterial gene regulation