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Recent progress on micro- and nanometer scale manipulation has opened thepossibility to probe systems small enough that thermal fluctuations of energyand coordinate variables can be significant compared with their mean behavior.We present an experimental study of nonequilibrium thermodynamics in aclassical two-state system, namely a metallic single-electron box. We havemeasured with high statistical accuracy the distribution of dissipated energyas single electrons are transferred between the box electrodes. The obtaineddistributions obey Jarzynski and Crooks fluctuation relations. A comprehensivemicroscopic theory exists for the system, enabling the experimentaldistributions to be reproduced without fitting parameters.

Test of Jarzynski and Crooks fluctuation relations in an electronic system