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We use the "magnetic tweezers" technique to reveal the structural transitionsthat DNA undergoes in the force-torsion space. In particular, we focus onregions corresponding to negative supercoiling. These regions are characterizedby the formation of so-called denaturation bubbles, which have an essentialrole in the replication and transcription of DNA. We experimentally map theregion of the force-torsion space where the denaturation takes place. Weobserve that large fluctuations in DNA extension occur at one of the boundariesof this region, i.e., when the formation of denaturation bubbles and ofplectonemes are competing. To describe the experiments, we introduce a suitableextension of the classical model. The model correctly describes the position ofthe denaturation regions, the transition boundaries, and the measured values ofthe DNA extension fluctuations.

Single molecule study of the DNA denaturation phase transition in the force-torsion space