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A formula for the laser linewidth of arbitrary cavities in the multimodenon-linear regime is derived from a scattering analysis of the solutions tosemiclassical laser theory. The theory generalizes previous treatments of theeffects of gain and openness described by the Petermann factor. The linewidthis expressed using quantities based on the non-linear scattering matrix, whichcan be computed from steady-state ab initio laser theory; unlike previoustreatments, no passive cavity or phenomenological parameters are involved. Wefind that low cavity quality factor, combined with significant dielectricdispersion, can cause substantial deviations from the Schawlow-Townes-Petermanntheory.

General linewidth formula for steady-state multimode lasing in arbitrary cavities