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We identify a route towards achieving a negative index of refraction atoptical frequencies based on coupling between plasmonic waveguides that supportbackwards waves. We show how modal symmetry can be exploited inmetal-dielectric waveguide pairs to achieve negative refraction of both phaseand energy. By properly controlling coupling between adjacent waveguides, ametamaterial consisting of a one-dimensional multilayer stack exhibiting anisotropic index of -1 can be achieved at a free-space wavelength of 400 nm. Thegeneral concepts developed here may inspire new low-loss metamaterial designsoperating close to the metal plasma frequency.

Three-dimensional negative index of refraction at optical frequencies by coupling plasmonic waveguides