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Flying insects execute aerial maneuvers through subtle manipulations of theirwing motions. Here, we measure the free flight kinematics of fruit flies anddetermine how they modulate their wing pitching to induce sharp turns. Byanalyzing the torques these insects exert to pitch their wings, we infer thatthe wing hinge acts as a torsional spring that passively resists the wing'stendency to flip in response to aerodynamic and inertial forces. To turn, theinsects asymmetrically change the spring rest angles to generate rowing motionsof their wings. Thus, insects can generate these maneuvers using only a slightactive actuation that biases their wing motion.

Fruit flies modulate passive wing pitching to generate in-flight turns