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We infer that soft-x-ray absorption spectroscopy is a versatile method forthe determination of the crystal-field ground state symmetry of rare earthHeavy Fermion systems, complementing neutron scattering. Using realistic anduniversal parameters, we provide a theoretical mapping between the polarizationdependence of Ce $M_{4,5}$ spectra and the charge distribution of the Ce $4f$states. The experimental resolution can be orders of magnitude larger than the$4f$ crystal field splitting itself. To demonstrate the experimentalfeasibility of the method, we investigated CePd$_2$Si$_2$, thereby settling anexisting disagreement about its crystal-field ground state.

Determining the crystal-field ground state in rare earth Heavy Fermion materials using soft-x-ray absorption spectroscopy