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Particles such as microplastics and phytoplankton suspended in the watercolumn in the natural environment are often subject to the action of surfacegravity waves. By modelling such anisotropic particles as small spheroids thatslowly settle (or rise) in a wavy environment, we consider how the particleshape and buoyancy couple to the background wave-driven flow to influence theparticle orientation, drift, and dispersion. A multiscale expansion allows thewave-induced oscillations to be separated from the wave-averaged particlemotion. Using the wave-averaged equations of particle motion, we demonstratethat spheroidal particles have a wave-induced preferential orientation withdifferent stable solutions for prolate and oblate particles. The resultingpreferential orientation positions particles with their longest axis pointingin the direction of wave propagation and upwards against gravity. The angle atwhich the longest axis points upwards is a function of particle aspect ratio.In this orientation, particles drift in the direction opposite to wavepropagation, weakening and potentially even reversing their Stokes drift. Thewave-induced stable orientation also results in a reduced settling velocityrelative to a random (isotropic) orientation. The dispersion of a particlecloud is controlled by the distribution of orientations. For a cloud ofparticles released together with random (isotropic) orientation, the initialcloud growth rate is ballistic in all directions. Wave action acts to suppressthe vertical dispersion, but enhances horizontal dispersion into asuper-ballistic state when the Stokes drift shear acts on a particle cloud thathas expanded in the vertical direction.

Wave-averaged motion of small particles in surface gravity waves: effect of particle shape on orientation, drift, and dispersion