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Formation of a splash crown and a cavity following the impact of a sphere ona body of liquid is a classical problem. In the related problem of a dropletsplashing on a flat surface, it has been established that the properties of thesurrounding gas can influence the splashing threshold. At lower impact speeds,this is due mainly to the influence of gas kinetic effects, since the height ofthe gas lubrication film which is displaced during dynamic wetting is oftencomparable to the mean free path of the gas. At higher Weber and Reynoldsnumbers, on the other hand, inertial effects dominate and the density of thegas becomes important in determining whether a splash occurs. In this article,sphere impacts on a liquid body are investigated in a rarefied atmosphere usinghigh-speed photography. It is found that the threshold entry speed for cavityformation is influenced by the density of the surrounding gas, whereas changingthe mean free path of the gas has no effect. We attribute this phenomenon tothe gas slowing the sealing of the thin crown sheet behind the sphere. Thisassertion is supported with experimental measurements of the liquid sheetthickness. In the range of parameters considered, the splash crown influencesthe movement of the contact line, an effect not previously observed.

Effect of ambient gas on cavity formation for sphere impacts on liquids