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We study, by direct numerical simulations in two and three dimensions, theinstability caused by the settling and evaporation of water droplets out of acloudy layer saturated with vapour into a dry sub-cloud ambient, underconditions where mammatus clouds were shown to form by [1], but with theaddition of background shear. We show that shear changes the type of cloudformation qualitatively, from mammatus-like to a newly identified cloud typecalled asperitas. Intermediate levels of shear are shown to be needed. Shearsuppresses the growth of small-scale perturbations, giving rise to smooth,long-lasting structures, and smaller rates of mixing. Three-dimensionality isshown to make a qualitative difference, unlike in mammatus clouds. We also showthat under non-cloud-like conditions, the instability can be very different.

Instability driven by settling and evaporation in a shear flow: a model for asperitas clouds