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The internal dynamics during the coalescence of a sessile droplet and asubsequently deposited impacting droplet, with either identical or distinctsurface tension, is studied experimentally in the regime where surface tensionis dominant. Two color high-speed cameras are used to capture the rapidinternal flows and associated mixing from both side and bottom viewssimultaneously by adding an inert dye to the impacting droplet. Givensufficient lateral separation between droplets of identical surface tension, arobust surface jet is identified on top of the coalesced droplet. Imageprocessing shows this jet is the result of a surface flow caused by the impactinertia and an immobile contact line. By introducing surface tensiondifferences between the coalescing droplets, the surface jet can be eitherenhanced or suppressed via a Marangoni flow. The influence of the initialdroplet configuration and relative surface tension on the long-term dynamicsand mixing efficiency, plus the implications for emerging applications such asreactive inkjet printing, are also considered.

Surface jets and internal mixing during the coalescence of impacting and sessile droplets