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One of the most prominent dynamical features of turbulent, rapidly-rotatingconvection is the formation of large-scale coherent structures, driven byReynolds stresses resulting from the small-scale convective flows. In sphericalgeometry, such structures consist of intense zonal flows that are invariantalong the rotation axis. In planar geometry, long-lived, depth-invariantstructures also form at large scales, but, in the absence of horizontalanisotropy, they consist of vortices that grow to the domain size. In thiswork, through the introduction of horizontal anisotropy into a numerical modelof planar rotating convection by the adoption of unequal horizontal box sizes(i.e. $L_x \le L_y$, where the $xy$-plane is horizontal), we investigatewhether unidirectional flows and large-scale vortices can coexist. We find thatonly a small degree of anisotropy is required to bring about a transition fromdynamics dominated by persistent large-scale vortices to dynamics dominated bypersistent unidirectional flows parallel to the shortest horizontal direction.When the anisotropy is sufficiently large, the unidirectional flow consists ofmultiple jets, generated on a timescale smaller than a global viscoustimescale, thus signifying that the upscale energy transfer does notspontaneously feed the largest available mode in the system. That said, themultiple jets merge on much longer timescales. Large-scale vortices of sizecomparable with $L_x$ systematically form in the flanks of the jets and can bepersistent or intermittent. This indicates that large-scale vortices, eithercoexisting with jets or not, are a robust dynamical feature of planar rotatingconvection.

Jets and large-scale vortices in rotating Rayleigh-B\'enard convection