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The dynamics of electron injection in the direct laser acceleration (DLA)regime was investigated by means of three-dimensional particle-in-cellsimulations and theoretical analysis. It is shown that when an ultra-intenselaser pulse propagates into a near-critical density or relativisticallytransparent plasma, the longitudinal charge-separation electric field excitesan ion wave. The ion wave modulates the local electric field and acts as a setof potential wells to guide the electrons, located on the edge of the plasmachannel, to the central region, where the DLA takes place later on. Inaddition, it is pointed out that the self-generated azimuthal magnetic fieldstend to suppress the injection process of electrons by deflecting them awayfrom the laser field region. Understanding these physical processes paves theway for further optimizing the properties of direct-laser accelerated electronbeams and the associated X/gamma-ray sources.

Injection dynamics of direct-laser accelerated electrons in a relativistic transparency regime