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We revisit and analyze the thermodynamic efficiency of theFeynman-Smoluchowski (FS) ratchet, a classical thought experiment describing anautonomous heat-work converter. Starting from the full kinetics of the FSratchet and deriving the exact forms of the hidden dissipations resulting fromcoarse-graining, we restate the historical controversy over its thermodynamicefficiency. The existence of hidden entropy productions implies that thestandard framework of stochastic thermodynamics applied to the coarse-graineddescriptions fails in capturing the dissipative feature of the system. Inresponse to this problem, we explore an extended framework of stochasticthermodynamics to reconstruct the hidden entropy production from thecoarse-grained dynamics. The approach serves as a key example of how we cansystematically address the problem of thermodynamic efficiency in amulti-variable fluctuating non-equilibrium system.

Unattainability of Carnot efficiency in thermal motors: Coarse-graining and entropy production of Feynman-Smoluchowski ratchet