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The performance of a molecular motor, characterized by its power output andenergy efficiency, is investigated in the motor design space spanned by thestepping rate function and the motor-track interaction potential. Analyticresults and simulations show that a gating mechanism that restricts forwardstepping in a narrow window in configuration space is needed for generatinghigh power at physiologically relevant loads. By deriving generalthermodynamics laws for nonequilibrium motors, we find that the maximum torque(force) at stall is less than its theoretical limit for any realisticmotor-track interactions due to speed fluctuations. Our study reveals atradeoff for the motor- track interaction: while a strong interaction generatesa high power output for forward steps, it also leads to a higher probability ofwasteful spontaneous back steps. Our analysis and simulations show that thistradeoff sets a fundamental limit to the maximum motor efficiency in thepresence of spontaneous back steps, i.e., loose-coupling. Balancing thistradeoff leads to an optimal design of the motor-track interaction forachieving a maximum efficiency close to 1 for realistic motors that are notperfectly coupled with the energy source.Comparison with existing data andsuggestions for future experiments are discussed.

Design principles and optimal performance for molecular motors under realistic constraints