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Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method has been increasingly used forsimulating fluid flows, however its ability to simulate evaporating flowrequires significant improvements. This paper proposes an SPH method forevaporating multiphase flows. The present SPH method can simulate the heat andmass transfers across the liquid-gas interfaces. The conservation equations ofmass, momentum and energy were reformulated based on SPH, then were used togovern the fluid flow and heat transfer in both the liquid and gas phases. Thecontinuity equation of the vapor species was employed to simulate the vapormass fraction in the gas phase. The vapor mass fraction at the interface waspredicted by the Clausius-Clapeyron correlation. A new evaporation rate wasderived to predict the mass transfer from the liquid phase to the gas phase atthe interface. Because of the mass transfer across the liquid-gas interface,the mass of an SPH particle was allowed to change. New particle splitting andmerging techniques were developed to avoid large mass difference between SPHparticles of the same phase. The proposed method was tested by simulating threeproblems, including the Stefan problem, evaporation of a static drop, andevaporation of a drop impacting on a hot surface. For the Stefan problem, theSPH results of the evaporation rate at the interface agreed well with theanalytical solution. For drop evaporation, the SPH result was compared with theresult predicted by a level-set method from literature. In the case of dropimpact on a hot surface, the evolution of the shape of the drop, temperature,and vapor mass fraction were predicted.

A smoothed particle hydrodynamics method for evaporating multiphase flows