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When rough grains in standard packing conditions are discharged from a silo,a conical depression with a single slope is formed at the surface. We observedthat the increase of the volume fraction generates a more complex depressioncharacterized by two angles of discharge: a lower angle close to the onemeasured for standard packing and a considerably larger upper angle. The changein slope appears at the boundary between a densely packed stagnant region atthe periphery and the central flowing channel formed over the aperture. Sincethe material in the latter zone is always fluidized, the flow rate isunaffected by the initial packing of the bed. On the other hand, the contrastbetween both angles is markedly smaller when smooth particles of the same sizeand density are used, which reveals that high volume fraction and friction mustcombine to produce the observed geometry. Our results show that the surfaceprofile helps to identify by simple visual inspection the packing conditions ofa granular bed, and this can be useful to prevent undesirable collapses duringsilo discharge in industry.

Surface depression with double-angle geometry during the discharge of close-packed grains from a silo