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Solid-density plasmas driven by intense x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL)radiation are seeded by sources of non-thermal photoelectrons and Augerelectrons that ionize and heat the target via collisions. Simulation codes thatare commonly used to model such plasmas, such as collisional-radiative (CR)codes, typically assume a Maxwellian distribution and thus instantaneousthermalization of the source electrons. In this study, we present a detaileddescription and initial applications of a collisional particle-in-cell code,PICLS, that has been extended with a self-consistent radiation transport modeland Monte-Carlo models for photoionization and KLL Auger ionization, enablingthe fully kinetic simulation of XFEL-driven plasmas. The code is used tosimulate two experiments previously performed at the Linac Coherent LightSource investigating XFEL-driven solid-density Al plasmas. It is shown thatPICLS-simulated pulse transmissions using the Ecker-Kr\"oll continuum-loweringmodel agree much better with measurements than do simulations using theStewart-Pyatt model. Good quantitative agreement is also found between thetime-dependent PICLS results and those of analogous simulations by the CR codeSCFLY, which was used in the analysis of the experiments to accuratelyreproduce the observed K{\alpha} emissions and pulse transmissions. Finally, itis shown that the effects of the non-thermal electrons are negligible for theconditions of the particular experiments under investigation.

Kinetic modeling of x-ray laser-driven solid Al plasmas via particle-in-cell simulation