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In contrast with a gas at thermodynamic equilibrium, the mean force exertedon a wall by a gas of active particles usually depends on the confiningpotential, thereby preventing a proper definition of mechanical pressure. Inthis paper, we investigate numerically the properties of a gas of underdampedself-propelled dumbbells subject to Brownian noise of increasing intensity, inorder to understand how the notion of pressure is recovered as noiseprogressively masks the effects of self-propulsion and the system approachesthermodynamic equilibrium. The simulations performed for a mobile asymmetricwall separating two chambers containing an equal number of active dumbbellshighlight some subtle and unexpected properties of the system. First, Browniannoise of moderate intensity is sufficient to let mean forces equilibrate forsmall values of the damping coefficient, while much stronger noise is requiredfor larger values of the damping coefficient. Moreover, the displacement of themean position of the wall upon increase of the intensity of the noise is notnecessarily monotonous and may instead display changes of direction. Both factsactually reflect the existence of several mechanisms leading to the rupture offorce balance, which tend to displace the mean position of the wall towardsdifferent directions and display different robustness against an increase ofthe intensity of Brownian noise. This work therefore provides a clearillustration of the fact that driving an autonomous system towards (or awayfrom) thermodynamic equilibrium may not be a straightforward process, but mayinstead proceed through the variations of the relative weights of severalconflicting mechanisms.

Recovery of mechanical pressure in a gas of underdamped active dumbbells with Brownian noise