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We study self-propelled particles with velocity reversal interacting byuniaxial (nematic) alignment within a coarse-grained hydrodynamic theory.Combining analytical and numerical continuation techniques, we show that thephysics of this active system is essentially controlled by the reversalfrequency. In particular, we find that elongated, high-density, orderedpatterns, called bands, emerge via subcritical bifurcations from spatiallyhomogeneous states. Our analysis reveals further that the interaction of bandsis weakly attractive and, consequently, bands fuse upon collision in analogywith nonequilibrium nucleation processes. Moreover, we demonstrate that arenormalized positive line tension can be assigned to stable bands below acritical reversal rate, beyond which they are transversally unstable. Inaddition, we discuss the kinetic roughening of bands as well as their nonlineardynamics close to the threshold of transversal instability. Altogether, thereduction of the multi-particle system onto the dynamics of bands provides aframework to understand the impact of the reversal frequency on the emergingnonequilibrium patterns in self-propelled particle systems. In this regard, ourresults constitute a proof-of-principle in favor of the hypothesis inmicrobiology that reversal of gliding rod-shaped bacteria regulates theoccurrence of various self-organized pattens observed during life-cycle phases.

Mesoscale pattern formation of self-propelled rods with velocity reversal